Stockholders’ equity: owners’ claim to the net assets, which equals assets minus liabilites. included following items:
- Capital Stock: common stock and preferred stock
- Additional paid-in capital (APIC) 股本溢价
- Retained Earnings (RE)
- Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)
- Noncontrolling interest (NCI)
- Treasury stock (TS)
Capital Stock included:Common Stock and Preferred Stock
Common Stock
Basic ownership interests, voting rights
Bear the ultimate risk of loss
Receive the ultimate benefits of success, but they are not guaranteed dividends or assets upon dissolution
Preemptive rights to a proportionate share of any additional common stock issued if granted in the articles of incorporation
此外需要留意的是Common Stock可以有不同的class，并且有不同的权益。
Preferred Stock
Equity security with preferences and features not associated with common stock
- Preference relating to dividends
- Preference relating to liquidation
Generally speaking, no voting rights
Perferred Stock又可以分为 Cumulative preferred stock和noncumulative preferred stock,主要的差别是股息是否可以累积。
另外一个区别就是Participating perferred stock and non-participating preferred stock. 如果是participating perferred stock，就是会参与到剩余利润分配。
此外按照优先股的性质，还有三种分类：
- Convertible preferred stock:可以转为普通股Common Stock
- Callable(Redeemable) preferred stock: 可赎回，公司可以选择赎回
- Mandatory redeemable preferred stock: 强制可以赎回，本质是一个债，是liability
Additional paid-in Capital
Retained Earnings = Netincome/loss- dividends +- accounting changes +- prior periods adjustments(error correction) 在US GAAP下面 RE 可以分为下面两类：
- Unappropriated 未分配
- Appropriated 已经分配的